The History of Photography Pinholes to Digital Images

Photography as a medium is less than 200 years old. But in that brief span of history, it has evolved from a crude process using caustic chemicals and cumbersome cameras to a simple yet sophisticated means of creating and sharing images instantly. Discover how photography has changed over time and what cameras look like today. Before Photography The first cameras were used not to create images but to study optics. The Arab scholar  Ibn Al-Haytham (945–1040), also known as Alhazen, is generally credited as being the first person to study how we see. He invented the camera obscura, the precursor to the pinhole camera, to demonstrate how light can be used to project an image onto a flat surface. Earlier references to the camera obscura have been found in Chinese texts dating to about 400 B.C. and in the writings of Aristotle around 330 B.C. By the mid-1600s, with the invention of finely crafted lenses, artists began using the camera obscura to help them draw and paint elaborate real-world images. Magic lanterns, the forerunner of the modern projector, also began to appear at this time. Using the same optical principles as the camera obscura, the magic lantern allowed people to project images, usually painted on glass slides, onto large surfaces. They soon became a popular form of mass entertainment. German scientist Johann Heinrich Schulze  conducted the first experiments with photo-sensitive chemicals in 1727, proving that silver salts were sensitive to light. But Schulze didnt experiment with producing a permanent image using his discovery. That would have to wait until the next century. The worlds first photograph, taken by Nicephone Niepce in 1826 from his window in France. Bettmann/Getty Images The First Photographers On a summer day in 1827, French scientist Joseph Nicephore Niepce  developed the first photographic image with a camera obscura. Niepce placed an engraving onto a metal plate coated in bitumen and then exposed it to light. The shadowy areas of the engraving blocked light, but the whiter areas permitted light to react with the chemicals on the plate. When Niepce placed the metal plate in a solvent, gradually an image appeared. These heliographs, or sun prints as they were sometimes called, are considered the first try at photographic images. However, Niepces process required eight hours of light exposure to create an image that would soon fade away. The ability to fix an image, or make it permanent, came along later. Fellow Frenchman  Louis Daguerre was also experimenting with ways to capture an image, but it would take him another dozen years before he was able to reduce exposure time to less than 30 minutes and keep the image from disappearing afterward. Historians cite this innovation as the first practical process of photography. In 1829, he formed a partnership with  Niepce to improve the process Niepce had developed. In 1839, following several years of experimentation and Niepces death, Daguerre developed a more convenient and effective method of photography and named it after himself.   Daguerres daguerreotype  process started by fixing the images onto a sheet of silver-plated copper. He then polished the silver and coated it in iodine, creating a surface that was sensitive to light. Then  he put the plate in a camera and exposed it for a few minutes. After the image was painted by light, Daguerre bathed the plate in a solution of silver chloride. This process created a lasting image that would not change if exposed to light. In 1839, Daguerre and Niepces son sold the rights for the daguerreotype to the French government and published a booklet describing the process. The daguerreotype gained popularity quickly in Europe and the U.S. By 1850, there were over 70  daguerreotype studios in New York City alone. Negative to Positive Process The drawback to daguerreotypes is that they cannot be reproduced; each one is a unique image. The ability to create multiple prints came about thanks to the work of Henry Fox Talbot, an English botanist, mathematician and a contemporary of Daguerre. Talbot sensitized paper to light using a silver-salt solution. He then exposed the paper to light. The background became black, and the subject was rendered in gradations of gray. This was a negative image. From the paper negative, Talbot made contact prints, reversing the light and shadows to create a detailed picture. In 1841, he perfected this paper-negative process and called it a calotype, Greek for beautiful picture. Tintype collection of old family photographs. Kathryn Donohew Photography/Getty Images Other Early Processes By the mid-1800s, scientists and photographers were experimenting with new ways to take and process pictures that were more efficient. In 1851, Frederick Scoff Archer, an English sculptor, invented the wet-plate negative. Using a viscous solution of collodion (a volatile, alcohol-based chemical), he coated glass with light-sensitive silver salts. Because it was glass and not paper, this wet plate created a more stable and detailed negative. Like the  daguerreotype,  tintypes  employed thin metal plates coated with photosensitive chemicals. The process, patented in 1856 by the American scientist  Hamilton Smith, used iron instead of copper to yield a positive image. But both processes had to be developed quickly before the emulsion dried. In the field, this meant carrying along a portable darkroom full of toxic chemicals in fragile glass bottles. Photography was not for the faint of heart or those who traveled lightly. That changed in 1879 with the introduction of the dry plate. Like wet-plate photography, this process used a glass negative plate to capture an image. Unlike the wet-plate process, dry plates were coated with a dried gelatin emulsion, meaning they could be stored for a period of time. Photographers no longer needed portable darkrooms and could now hire technicians to develop their photographs, days or months after the images had been shot. Unwound camera film, slides and camera. Sean Gladwell/Getty Images   Flexible Roll Film In 1889, photographer and industrialist  George Eastman  invented film with a base that was flexible, unbreakable, and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a  cellulose nitrate  film base, such as Eastmans, made the mass-produced box camera a reality. The earliest cameras used a variety of medium-format film standards, including 120, 135, 127, and 220. All of these formats were about 6cm wide and produced images that ranged from rectangular to square.   The 35mm film most people know today was invented by Kodak in 1913 for the early motion picture industry. In the mid-1920s, the German camera maker Leica used this technology to create the first still camera that used the 35mm format. Other film formats also were refined during this period, including medium-format roll film with a paper backing that made it easy to handle in daylight. Sheet film in 4-by-5-inch and 8-by-10-inch sizes also became common, particularly for commercial photography, ending the need for fragile glass plates. The drawback to nitrate-based film was that it was flammable and tended to decay over time. Kodak and other manufacturers began switching to a celluloid base, which was fireproof and more durable, in the 1920s. Triacetate film came later and was more stable and  flexible, as well as fireproof. Most films produced up to the 1970s were based on this technology. Since the 1960s, polyester polymers have been used for gelatin base films. The plastic film base is far more stable than cellulose and is not a fire hazard. In the early 1940s, commercially viable  color  films were brought to the market by Kodak, Agfa, and other film companies. These films used the modern technology of dye-coupled  colors  in which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together to create an apparent  color  image. Photographic Prints Traditionally, linen rag papers were used as the base for making photographic prints. Prints on this fiber-based paper coated with a gelatin emulsion are quite stable when properly processed. Their stability is enhanced if the print is toned with either sepia (brown tone) or selenium (light, silvery tone). The paper will dry out and crack under poor archival conditions. Loss of the image can also be due to high humidity, but the real enemy of paper is chemical residue left by the photographic fixer, a chemical solution cued to remove grain from films and prints during processing. In addition, contaminants in the water used for processing and washing can cause damage. If a print is not fully washed to remove all traces of fixer, the result will be discoloration and image loss. The next innovation in photographic papers was resin-coating or water-resistant paper. The idea was to use normal linen fiber-base paper and coat it with a plastic (polyethylene) material, making the paper water-resistant. The emulsion is then placed on a plastic covered base paper. The problem with resin-coated papers was that the image rides on the plastic coating and was susceptible to fading. At first, color prints were not stable because organic dyes were used to make the color image. The image would literally disappear from the film or paper base as the dyes deteriorated. Kodachrome, dating to the first third of the 20th century, was the first color film to produce prints that could last half a century. Now, new techniques are creating permanent color prints that last 200 years or more. New printing methods using computer-generated digital images and highly stable pigments offer permanency for color photographs. Instant photos and camera from the 1970s. Urbanglimpses/Getty Images Instant Photography Instant photography was invented by  Edwin Herbert Land, an American inventor and physicist. Land was already known for his pioneering use of light-sensitive polymers in eyeglasses to invent polarized lenses. In 1948, he unveiled his first instant-film camera, the Land Camera 95. Over the next several decades, Lands Polaroid Corporation would refine black-and-white film and cameras that were fast, cheap, and remarkably sophisticated. Polaroid introduced color film in 1963 and created the iconic SX-70 folding camera in 1972.   Other film manufacturers, namely Kodak and Fuji, introduced their own versions of instant film in the 1970s and 80s. Polaroid remained the dominant brand, but with the advent of digital photography in the 1990s, it began to decline. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2001 and stopped making instant film in 2008. In 2010, the Impossible Project began manufacturing film using Polaroids instant-film formats, and in 2017, the company rebranded itself as Polaroid Originals. Early Cameras By definition, a camera is a lightproof object  with a lens that captures incoming light and directs the light and resulting image toward  film (optical camera) or the imaging device (digital camera). The earliest cameras used  in the daguerreotype process  were made by opticians, instrument makers, or sometimes even by the photographers themselves. The most popular cameras utilized a sliding-box design. The lens was placed in the front box. A second, slightly smaller box slid into the back of the larger box. The focus was controlled by sliding the rear box forward or backward. A laterally reversed image would be obtained unless the camera was fitted with a mirror or prism to correct this effect. When the sensitized plate was placed in the camera, the lens cap would be removed to start the exposure. Modern Cameras Having perfected roll film,  George Eastman  also invented the box-shaped camera that was simple enough for consumers to use. For $22, an amateur could purchase a camera with enough film for 100 shots. Once the film was used up, the photographer  mailed  the camera with the film still in it to the Kodak factory, where the film was removed from the camera, processed, and printed. The camera was then reloaded with film and returned. As the Eastman Kodak Company promised in ads from that period, You press the button, well do the rest. Over the next several decades, major manufacturers such as Kodak in the U.S., Leica in Germany, and Canon and Nikon in Japan would all introduce or develop the major camera formats still in use today. Leica invented the first still camera to use 35mm film in 1925, while another German company, Zeiss-Ikon, introduced the first single-lens reflex camera in 1949. Nikon and Canon would make the interchangeable lens popular and the built-in light meter commonplace. Digital Camera. fhm/Getty Images Digital Cameras The roots of digital photography, which would revolutionize the industry, began with the development of the first charged-couple device (CCD) at Bell Labs in 1969. The CCD converts light to an electronic signal and remains the heart of digital devices today. In 1975, engineers at Kodak developed the very first camera creating a digital image. It used a cassette recorder to store data and took more than 20 seconds to capture a photo. By the mid-1980s, several companies were at work on digital cameras. One of the first to show a viable prototype was Canon, which demonstrated a  digital  camera in 1984, although it was never manufactured and sold commercially. The first digital camera sold in the U.S., the Dycam Model 1, appeared in 1990 and sold for $600. The first digital SLR,  a  Nikon  F3 body attached to a separate storage unit made by Kodak, appeared the following year. By 2004, digital cameras were outselling film cameras, and digital is now dominant. Flashlights and Flashbulbs Blitzlichtpulver  or flashlight powder was invented in Germany in 1887 by Adolf Miethe and Johannes Gaedicke. Lycopodium powder (the waxy spores from club moss) was used in early flash powder. The first modern photoflash bulb or flashbulb was invented by Austrian Paul Vierkotter. Vierkotter used magnesium-coated wire in an evacuated glass globe. The magnesium-coated wire was soon replaced by aluminum foil in oxygen. In 1930, the first commercially available photoflash bulb, the Vacublitz, was patented by German Johannes Ostermeier. General Electric also developed a flashbulb called the Sashalite around the same time. Photographic Filters English inventor and manufacturer Frederick Wratten founded one of the first photographic supply businesses in 1878. The company, Wratten and Wainwright, manufactured and sold collodion glass plates and gelatin dry plates. In 1878, Wratten invented the noodling process of silver-bromide gelatin emulsions before washing. In 1906, Wratten, with the assistance of E.C.K. Mees, invented and produced the first panchromatic plates in England. Wratten is best known for the photographic filters that he invented and are still named after him, the Wratten Filters.  Eastman Kodak  purchased his company in 1912.

The Heritage Foundation - 976 Words

For an event, especially a lecture, beginning at 5 o’clock, I typically expect people to show up around 4:30-4:45. I succumbed to the Washington heat a little earlier than that and stumbled into the lobby of the Heritage Foundation at 4:22. While I fully understand that many arrive late, I assumed a few early birds would be showing up around 4:30. This however, was not the case; and as I listened to two organisers of the event discuss the lecture, I realised that the primary crowd were insiders and officials of the Heritage Foundation itself. As I was allowed up into the Allison Auditorium, the set-up was interesting; there were two large roped off sections on either side as well as reserved name cards on the first two row. This left roughly only three center rows for â€Å"outsiders,† which ended up including military officers not in the roped off areas. There were two TV screens on either side of the stage, both showing the same slide and reading â€Å"21st Century S ecurity: NATO and Our Alliances – Admiral Jim Stavridis.† At around fifteen minutes past the hour, introductions you gotta do: the Marine Corps Uni Found guy, the Colonel, and finally the Admiral. Take note of how each of them introduces the next speaker. While the lecture was advertised as a talk about the future of U.S. alliances, Admiral Stavridis focused predominantly on the threats that face our nation. He began by recounting his experience at the Pentagon, stating â€Å"we need to find security that goes aroundShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Uzbekistan1349 Words   |  5 Pageswinters. (One World Org.) Around 29.4 Million people live in Uzbekistan. (The Heritage Foundation) The capital city is Tashkent, that has a population around 2.5 Million (One World Org.) 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Works Cited Anderson, Ryan T. â€Å"Marriage Matters: Consequences of Redefining Marriage.† The Heritage Foundation: Gay Marriage (2013): 1. The Heritage Foundation. Web. (3 April 2014). Anderson, Ryan T. â€Å"The Social Costs of Abandoning the Meaning of Marriage.† The Heritage Foundation: Gay Marriage (2013): 1. The Heritage Foundation. Web. (1 April 2014). Chitton, Lynn-nore, and Geraldine Wagner. â€Å"Point: Children Suffer with Same-Sex Couples.† Points of View:Read MoreRaising Minimum Wage Means Raising American Concern760 Words   |  3 Pagesentrepreneur.com/article/223662. Sherk, James. Heritage Expert. The Heritage Foundation. Accessed May 18, 2014. http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/s/james-sherk. Sherk, James. Heritage Expert. The Heritage Foundation. Accessed May 18, 2014. http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/s/james-sherk. Trinko, Katrina. Katrina Trinko, Author at The Foundry: Conservative Policy News from The Heritage Foundation. 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Negative Responses To Mathematics Education Essay Free Essays

string(36) " are told to work out jobs rapidly\." The intent of this study is to analyse the chief cause of mathematics panic in colleges and to offer solutions and give recommendations to the Head of the Department of Mathematics and Statisticss at Curtin University. By reexamining professional literature, scholarly diaries, and accredited web sites a better apprehension of the causes and effects of mathematics anxiousness, this study will accomplish the intent by analysing and reasoning the anterior research and give solutions that aimed at these issues. In add-on, the nature of the mathematics in general will besides be considered and associate mathematics to professional life. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Responses To Mathematics Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The study will foremost travel into an overview of the issues in mathematics learning and larning before covering with the job of the math terror in colleges. A general overview of the nature and societal position of mathematics will be discussed, which will so take to a examination of what universities should make to assist to direct pupils ‘ attitude and apprehension of mathematics. 1.2 Background and recent findings Because of its public-service corporation and importance, larning mathematics is described as a necessity for a individual ‘s full development in the twenty-first century ( Kogce et al. 2009, 291 ) . However, the popular image of mathematic as hard, abstract, non really practical, and mostly masculine, etc. Therefore, math terror appears in vary degree of schools. Mathematicss anxiousness is introduced foremost by Dreger and Aiken in 1957 and it is defined as â€Å" a sequence of cognitive, affectional, and behavioural responses to a perceived self-pride menace which occurs as a response to state of affairss affecting mathematics † ( Birgin et al.2010, 1 ) . Mathematicss anxiousness is prevailing among the college pupils population ( Zakaria and Nordin, 2007, 27 ) . Harmonizing to Google-counting, mathematics anxiousness emerges in schools particularly â€Å" in college † has 26,000 happenings ( Brown 2008, 61-92 ) . In add-on, Birgin et Al. ( 2010, 1 ) have found that negative attitudes to mathematics or mathematics anxiousness is a barrier in larning mathematics and go toing callings which require mathematics. As a consequence of mathematics anxiousness, impacts like â€Å" turning away of mathematics, hurt, and intervention with conceptual thought and memory procedures † may even widen negatively in big life. 2.0 Causes A ; consequence of mathematics anxiousness Mathematicss anxiousness has been found that may be affected by many causes, including â€Å" mathematics, educational and curriculum-related issues, parental attitudes, values, and outlooks toward mathematics † ( Baloglu and Kocak 2006, 1325-1335 ) . Numerous researches have analyzed the causes of mathematics anxiousness and the consequences are different from each other. Zakaria and Nordin ( 2008, 27-30 ) have claimed that low mathematics accomplishment normally accompany the happening of mathematics anxiousness. A pupil may be defeat by his/her ain fright that consequence from changeless failure in mathematics and do him/her to believe that he/she can ne’er make good on it. Furthermore, it is besides suggested that the chief cause of mathematics anxiousness has been in learning methods because most mathematics courses â€Å" did non encouraged logical thinking and apprehension † . It is besides believed that attitude towards mathematics can be one of the grounds of math terror ( Kogce et al. 2009, 291 ) . The attitude or value can be affected by instructors or parents. In add-on, clip force per unit area in mathematics trial should besides be considered when refers to causes of math anxiousness. The force per unit area created by clip restriction is the combination of emphasis may take to uncertainness about how to make the undertaking and fright of failure ( Buxton 1990, 153 ) . Figure 1. Relationship between anxiousness and self-efficacy ( Beginning: Hoffman, B. 2010 ) As displayed above in Figure 1, the standardised tonss showed a regressive relationship between mathematics anxiousness and pupils ‘ self-efficacy in work outing simple mathematics jobs. It is clear that as anxiousness additions, self-efficacy falls which indicates a strong correlativity between these two points. 2.1 Value and attitude One of the grounds for mathematics anxiousness is attitude towards mathematics. Students ‘ attitudes or values toward math normally come from instructors and parents. Some researches held by universities show that pupils perform better when making exercisings in mathematics categories without instructors than the pupils under instructors ‘ supervising. Additionally, Buxton ( 1990, 155 ) have argued that instructors should non curtail pupil ‘s thought by stating â€Å" this is non the manner that written in books † or maintain giving the right reply without taking the pupils to believe independently. Otherwise, pupils may experience deadening and confounding and their motive to seek mathematics jobs work outing chances may be decreased and conglomerate into fright and turning away. Parents ‘ outlooks every bit much as instructors ‘ may besides give pupils force per unit area in mathematics. Parents normally stand in a place to judge their kids and fail to decide the position with expressed statements. For illustration, some parents show disappointedly on face when kids understand easy in mathematics. Therefore, kids may experience even harder to get the better of the jobs due to take down assurance and this turns into dying and turning away. 2.2 Lack of understanding Harmonizing to Zakaria and Nordin ( 2008, 27-30 ) , a deficiency of apprehension is one of the chief causes of mathematics anxiousness and â€Å" that understanding based acquisition is more effectual than drill and pattern † . For most pupils, the first clip when they are afraid of work outing math jobs is when they can non understand the constructs in categories. Therefore, their assurance of larning mathematics may worsen and they lose involvement to get the better of the jobs. Lower accomplishment consequences and a damaging attitude towards mathematics may ensue from this sort of self-perceptions, which can impact their position of larning mathematics ( Hoffman 2010, 276-283 ) . 2.3 Time force per unit area Many pupils suffer anxiousness when it refers to be giving a certain extent of clip to complete certain committedness ( Hoffman 2010, 276-283 ) . This can be one of the factors when discoursing about the causes of mathematics anxiousness. For illustration, pupils who familiarized to work outing jobs without clip restriction might experience dying if they are told to work out jobs rapidly. You read "Negative Responses To Mathematics Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Furthermore, harmonizing to some surveies, the emotional responses of pupils become intense often when pupils work on math jobs over an extended period of clip ( Buxton 1990, 153 ) . In other words, it is claimed that the more clip pupils spend on work outing math jobs, the more anxiousness they suffer. Most pupils failed in their mathematics tests due to blowing excessively much clip by worrying about the clip limitation and can non finish all the inquiries. Harmonizing to Hoffman ( 2010, 276-283 ) , the Test Anxiety Inventory ( TAI ) and the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Anxiety Scale ( MAS ) were co-operating for the Problems Test of mathematics anxiousness. The pupils were required to react to all the points by giving adequate clip. The pupils finished all the inquiries within 30 proceedingss, although no clip bound was set. Harmonizing to this survey, it can be suggested that job work outing clip limitation can be one of the factors that consequences in mathematics anxiousness. However, Hoffman ( 2010, 276-23 ) suggests that â€Å" high dying persons may really hold faster problem-solving times † . Students may desire to complete the undertaking every bit shortly as possible when they are prompted feelings of dying or concern during the work outing mathematics jobs. This may ensue in faster completion of jobs, even though perchance at the loss of truth. 3.0 Mathematics A ; gender There is a hypothesis assumes that adult females have more mathematics anxiousness than work forces due to less experience with mathematics. As a consequence, Hoffman ( 2010, 276-23 ) points out that female are less likely to seek chances to work out mathematical job and even mathematics callings, and tend to avoid occupations to make with computing machines and engineering that link to mathematics. However, many surveies failed to confirm considerable gender differences in math terror, even though legion surveies support the position that female have more math anxiousness than male ( Baloglu and Kocak 2006, 1325-1335 ) . 3.1 Gender Stereotype Harmonizing to Hoffman ( 2010, 276-83 ) , although ability may be the cause of public presentation differences, the pessimistic attitude to a high accomplishment shows females did non ‘try as difficult ‘ when work outing mathematics jobs. Some surveies suggest that more male than female enroll in the higher degree of classs in mathematics ( Meece, Wigfield, and Eccles 1990, 60-70 ) . Gender stereotype, one of the grounds why females are much passive in larning mathematics, seems to be the most persuasive 1. Gates ( 2001, 53 ) explains that gender stereotype that maleness associate with ground while muliebrity with alternate attacks is the cause of gender differences in mathematics anxiousness. This difference can impact their feelings in relation to mathematics job resolution. Harmonizing to Gates ‘ survey, ‘masculine ‘ topic such as mathematics and natural philosophies are seen as ‘difficult ‘ by female but ‘interesting ‘ by male. Therefore, female pupils may hold the terror of larning mathematics because they perceive it as being hard although they are interested in this topic. In contrast, Hembree ‘s meta-analysis claimed that the â€Å" negative behaviours associated with mathematics anxiousness † were more marked in males than females. In add-on, present research found that the influence of mathematics anxiousness on the accomplishments of males when work outing math jobs is stronger than females ( Hoffman 2010, 276-283 ) . 4.0 Teaching mathematics in college â€Å" Mathematicss anxiousness is prevailing among the college pupils population ( Zakaria and Nordin, 2007, 27 ) . † Harmonizing to Google-counting, college pupils have 26,000 happenings of math terror which is the highest among schooling. Zakaria and Nordin ( 2008, 27-30 ) further stated that the chief factor of mathematics anxiousness is learning methodological analysiss. For illustration, a study of Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum Foundation called The Effect of Singapore Mathematics on Student Proficiency in a Massachusetts School District: A a Longitudinal Statistical Examination shows in figure 2 that after introduced the learning course of study of Singapore mathematics ( SM ) , the mathematics public presentation of pupils with Coded MCAS, who used to execute bad in this topic improved much better as overall. Furthermore, it is predicted that more than 50 % of the pupils are underprepared when they enrolled in mathematics classs in college ( Baloglu and Kocak 2006, 1325-1335 ) . Therefore, instructors in colleges should stand in a place of guiding and rectifying. Figure 2. Percentage of pupils with Coded MCAS, with and without SM ( Source: Goldman et al. 2009 ) 4.1 What universities offering presently Teachers presents make usage of learning AIDSs and resources such as artworks and theoretical accounts to assist pupils understand mathematical theories and rules ( Gates 2001, 53 ) . Resources are of import because they can supply an image or representation of the figure constructs and ease the apprehension of abstract nature of mathematics. It is argued that utilizing concrete resources in the procedure of larning mathematics can positively â€Å" increases pupils ‘ mathematics accomplishment and their attitudes towards mathematics † ( Kogce et al. 2009, 291 ) . However, the job is whether these resources truly assist apprehension. For case, resource like counters can be used to assist pupils number but the fact is a large figure of pupils can non make mental computation and they focus excessively much on the facets of mathematics of numbering. What ‘s more, another common state of affairs in university mathematics schoolrooms is that non all pupils feel easy to larn mathematics with the aid of the resources and AIDSs and some of them fail to link different facets of math even with the aid of legion graphs and diagrams. Consequently, Gates ( 2001, 125 ) have suggested that a bipartisan interactions between instructors and pupils should be strongly considered. Some pupils may accept the acquisition method given by instructors and ne’er think by their ain and see whether the present method is the best for them. 4.2 Computer as instruction assistance Modern engineering today is used in most universities help instructors to learn pupils. Computer should be one of the most utile technological tools in mathematics schoolrooms. Gates ( 2001, 167 ) have demonstrated that whether the usage of computing machine is effectual or non in mathematics is influenced by the categorization of functions of instructors and computing machines. Computers should be a instruction assistance by instructors and controlled by instructors. Computers used as learning assistance provide a figure of advantages to let go of pupils from some troubles during the acquisition of mathematics and cut down their mathematics anxiousness. For illustration, computing machine presents is used normally as an ‘electronic chalkboard ‘ for expounding and presentation. As a beginning of assorted information through cyberspace, instructors can seek considerable extend information to assist to better pupils understanding of cognition. Furthermore, Gates ( 2001, 168 ) has besides stated that in the signifier of exercisings and games, pupils can pattern mathematics accomplishments and better their coherency of different facets of this topic. In add-on, vivid images and presentation by the usage of computing machine resources may increase pupils ‘ involvement and cut down their terror of the troubles. A perfect illustration of computing machines assisting larning math is the Integrated Learning Systems ( ILS ) . This system n on merely sets exercisings but besides marks the work, evaluates and records advancement, and lead pupils to farther progress work ( Gates 2001, 169 ) . 5.0 Mathematicss in our life Most people study mathematics until they lose involvement or until they find it excessively difficult for them. Low accomplishment or failure is one state of affairs that doing people reject larning a topic, and believe it ‘s non deserving to try.A However, mathematics is really of import to our life. Selby ( 1995 ) has explained how mathematics works in our day-to-day life individually for assorted facets. For illustration, numeration by manus or with a reckoner is necessary when people calculate weights or sums like money which appears in day-to-day life. Just like work outing mathematics jobs measure by measure, incorrect Numberss that show in one measure of a computation procedure would do all the remainder incorrect. Furthermore, when make fulling the revenue enhancement signifiers, people need to cipher with arithmetic followed the providing instructions measure by step.A Therefore, arithmetic as one portion of mathematics that taught in schools is utile and related to ou r life. Additionally, people may reason that facets like Algebra and geometry which may utilize with expressions and theories are non related to our life.A However, people should â€Å" understand expressions or calculation methods needed for loans, pensions and investings, A for store maintaining or purchasing and selling with markups or markdowns † Selby ( 1995 ) . What pupils learn in mathematics categories in schools is about understanding how the formulas work and being sensible. By cognizing these, it will offer people more options during gaining, funding or puting money. What ‘s more, statistics, farther subject in mathematics, is really popular nowadays.A A Statistics is utile in theA measuring or appraisal of Numberss and the mistake or fluctuation in the estimations. Such as in the state of affairs of ciphering informations forA productiveness or the monetary value of merchandises, statistics used to connote of import information from values like mean number.A Therefor e, as Gates ( 2001, 24 ) stated mathematics is a â€Å" powerful tool † in the universe that we live. 6.0 Decision It is clear that the causes of mathematics anxiousness can be identified as, viz. , pupils ‘ values and attitude to mathematics which can be influenced by instructors, parents and even society ; pupils ‘ apprehension of mathematics constructs in categories ; and clip restriction in mathematics tests. There is a figure below helps to exemplify how anxiousness develops and affects pupils ‘ acquisition of mathematics. From chase to turning away, there may be a batch of grounds such as pupils find out they are non gifted at mathematics so they refuse to larn any longer, or female pupils may experience larning this topic is non appropriate for them due to gender stereotype. From assurance to anxiousness, unpleasant experience may be the chief cause. This experience may include deficiency of understanding consequence in failure in work outing jobs ; blamed by parents or instructors as low accomplishments or being compared with talented pupils ; clip restriction causes emp hasis in test, etc. All theses causes above may take to failure in mathematics public presentation and turn back to even serious turning away and anxiousness. Figure 3. Math Anxiety Dynamics ( Source: Strawderman, W. 2004 ) In add-on, there is a strong correlativity between gender differences and math terror that males are more likely to go to advanced mathematics classs than females. It has been considered due to gender stereotypes except abilities. However, mathematics is used everyplace in our life and callings. From single measures and disbursals computation to revenue enhancement and funding, we need mathematics as a usher to populate a more choice life. 7.0 Recommendations After analysing the relevant issues in this study, assorted recommendations to the Head of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics have been developed due to extended research showing the impacts of mathematics anxiousness on college pupils. These recommendations are possible solutions to and assist pupils to be more confident in their ain ability to understand mathematics and to advance mathematics in the twenty-first century. The undermentioned suggestions can be undertaken to cut down mathematics anxiousness and increase pupils ‘ accomplishment: Teacher should develop an encouraging acquisition environment, free from tenseness and threatening of embarrassment or humiliation. This may cut down the pupils ‘ anxiousness about being judged by instructors while doing errors or neglecting to understand. Mathematicss instructor should show a caring attitude to their pupils to assist them get the better of mathematics panic. Test taking schemes should be given suitably might assist pupils to raise their accomplishment and cut down their anxiousness of mathematics trial. Students should set themselves under an test atmosphere when they making mathematics homework on a regular basis. Therefore, when they work outing jobs in tests, clip force per unit area will be reduced and pupils may experience more assurance. Activities in categories should include both independent and group work. Group work helps pupils to interchange their thoughts with pickets and reflecting their apprehension to instructors. Therefore, their jobs can be solved instantly or they may recognize that others have the same job as they do. Teaching AIDSs and resourced should be used efficaciously. Make a connexion of mathematics in schools and new engineerings. Small categories like tutorials should be increased alternatively of go forthing countless prep to pupils to complete after categories. Once pupils confused or make non understand during their perusal, they can non acquire solutions instantly and they may lose the motive to go on. Increasing hours of tutorials may work out this job efficaciously. Word count: 2944 How to cite Negative Responses To Mathematics Education Essay, Essay examples

Marketing Management and Consumer Behaviour †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management and Consumer Behaviour. Answer: Product Product is the most important strategy towards meeting the core needs and demands of the customers. According to Schmidt, Spann and Zeithammer (2014), Product strategy incorporates the features and quality of the products towards meeting the specific needs of the customers. On the other hand, Helm and Gritsch (2014) opined that product strategy also involves the branding, guarantees and warranties of the products of an organization. While considering the product strategy of Fitbit Company, it can be seen that the organization has seven products in the market. These seven products include four wristband style tracker, two clippable activity tracker and smart scale. The products of the organization are mostly used for measuring the number of steps walked, steps climbed, quality of sleep, body fat weight, body mass and many other personal metrics involving fitness (Fitbit.com 2017). The Fibit Flex of the organization only measures the calories, steps and sleeping cycle of the customers. Furthermore, the high end model of Fibit Surge covers broader range of functions like smartwatch and other similar activities. The Fitbit wristwatch effectively track the heart rate and better track the calorie burns, which helps in maximizing the work out level of the customers. Moreover, the unique quality of product of the organization helps in right tracking of the health condition of the customers. The Fitbit watches are used for tracking all day activity, music control and reminder to move (Fitbit.com 2017). In this way, the unique product strategy of Fitbit provides the best way to the customers for keeping them healthy. Price Price strategy refers to the amount, which the customers pay for purchasing a particular product. According to Chng et al. (2015), effective pricing strategy includes the consideration of customer perceived value for the products. On the other hand, Borland and Lindgreen (2013) opined that pricing is an important strategy, which has huge impact on the revenue of the customers. While considering the pricing strategy of Fitbit, it can be seen that the organization uses mixed pricing strategy for selling their health metric products to the customers. Moreover, the organization uses premium pricing for the high end products. However, it uses affordable prices for the normal quality products. The retail prices for the wristbands of the organization are ranged from $99.95 to $249.95. On the other hand, the smart devices like Fitbit scale and Aria are priced at $129.95. The tracker part of the Fitbit Flex can be removed from the wristband and can be inserted into Tory Burch Bracelet or pend ent. In case of pricing the bracelets, the organization considers the materials used in the bracelets. Moreover, depending on the materials used in the bracelets, the bracelets accessories costs around $175, $195 and $38 in respect to leather, metal and silicon materials respectively. Furthermore, the pendent necklaces cost around $175 (Kumar 2015). Promotion Promotion strategy refers to the ways of communication in which the organization communicates with the customers. According to ztamur and Karakad?lar (2014), effective promotion strategy helps in increased interaction with the customers towards enhancing the customer awareness regarding the products and services of an organization. On the other hand, Helm and Gritsch (2014) opined that effective promotion strategy enhances the brand image of the organization to the customers. While considering the promotional strategy of Fitbit, it can be seen that the organization uses mass mediamarketing towards reaching wide customer group. Moreover, the TV advertisement, radio advertisement, newspaper and magazine advertisement for reaching wide section of customer group. Fitbit also uses digital and social media for the reaching large customer bases in shortest period. Social media like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube media helps in attracting new generation customers. Furthermore, the organization also uses Fitbit app has formed online community and social network, which helps the users in sharing and comparing their fitness achievement with their friends (Fitbit.com 2017). In this way, effective promotional strategy of Fitbit helps it towards proper communication with the customers. Place Place strategy assists in providing effective ways of customer access of the products and services. As per Borland and Lindgreen (2013), properly constructed place strategy sets direct and indirect channels for the customers for helping them in accessing the products and services. While considering the place strategy of Fitbit, it can be said that the organization has its own physical stores for selling their products to the customers. Apart from that, the customers can also avail the products of Fitbit in the retail stores. Moreover, retail stores are the most convenient place for the customers towards accessing the products of Fitbit. Furthermore, the most flexible and easy access medium of the Fitbits product is its online shopping option. Moreover, the customers can avail the products of this organization through Amazon and many other online retails (Madhavaram, Granot and Badrinarayanan 2014). Therefore, it can be seen that effective place strategy of Fitbit helps in better acce ssibility of products to the customer. References Borland, H. and Lindgreen, A., 2013. Sustainability, epistemology, ecocentric business, and marketing strategy: Ideology, reality, and vision.Journal of Business Ethics,117(1), pp.173-187. Chng, D.H.M., Shih, E., Rodgers, M.S. and Song, X.B., 2015. Managers marketing strategy decision making during performance decline and the moderating influence of incentive pay.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,43(5), pp.629-647. Fitbit.com. 2017.Fitbit.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://www.fitbit.com/au/home Helm, R. and Gritsch, S., 2014. Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), pp.418-428. Kumar, V., 2015. Evolution of marketing as a discipline: What has happened and what to look out for.Journal of Marketing,79(1), pp.1-9. Madhavaram, S., Granot, E. and Badrinarayanan, V., 2014. Relationship marketing strategy: an operant resource perspective.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,29(4), pp.275-283. ztamur, D. and Karakad?lar, ?.S., 2014. Exploring the role of social media for SMEs: as a new marketing strategy tool for the firm performance perspective.Procedia-Social and behavioral sciences,150, pp.511-520. Schmidt, K.M., Spann, M. and Zeithammer, R., 2014. Pay what you want as a marketing strategy in monopolistic and competitive markets.Management Science,61(6), pp.1217-1236.