Contrast the different levels of police operations and their unique operations

Introduction The role of the police is to enforce laws, protect property and reduce civil disorders in the society. In this essay, I wish to discuss the differences and similarities between the federal, state, and local levels of law enforcement and contributions of August Vollmer and other pioneers to the development of Criminal investigative techniques.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast the different levels of police operations and their unique operations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differences and similarities between the federal, state and local levels of law enforcement A local police officer has his/her own jurisdiction in a given town. The local law enforcers provides patrol of the communities within their jurisdictions, emergency services and conduct criminal investigations. On the other hand, state law enforcers share same responsibilities with the local state. State officers are assigned the duty of providing security to the country. They ensure that rural areas, highways of state are safe. In addition, they also conduct criminal investigations. Federal law enforcers work in certain areas of crime. For example, the Federal Bureau of Investigations is responsible for major criminal investigations and they include civil rights, cyber crime, major thefts, terrorism, and counter intelligence. However, these enforcers have differences in their operations, support, funding, jurisdictions and staffing (Adams, 2001, p. 138). In terms of resources, it could be labor, funds and the state law enforcers have adequate resources compared to the local law enforcers and this is because their operations are countrywide. Local law enforcers deal with a small portion of place while state law enforcers ensure that the whole country is safe. Local officers provide patrol services within their community but the state officials patrol the whole country. Federal law enforcers specialize in is sues of crime. They handle major crimes like terrorism, cyber crimes, counterintelligence while the local and state law enforcers perform the same duties. Contributions of August Vollmer and other pioneers in law enforcement to the development of criminal investigative techniques Vollmer insisted that police should attain college degrees. They were to attend school to acquire skills and knowledge. He encouraged his men to attend classes in police administration. Bicycles and squad cars were used by the police for patrolling (Vollmer, 1983, p. 23). They provided transport for the police and patrolling enhanced security in the country.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A scientific crime laboratory was set up and a full time forensic scientist was employed. A lie detector machine was bought to be used in criminal investigation. He condemned corruption and ineffectiveness that existed i n the police institutions and urged them not to be influenced by politics. According to Bayley (1998), the United States, just like other countries, has created a government institution for maintaining internal order. His study of police institutions contributed to positive changes in the administration. The police appointed were intellectuals who were smart and better informed. Senior police managers were ambitious. They applied management skills to run their organizations. This symbolized how committed they were in their work because they did research on their own. The work of the police became more intellectually demanding, it required new specialized knowledge about technology, forensic analysis and crime. Conclusion In conclusion, all law enforcement agencies share same responsibilities but in today’s society, the roles assigned to this law enforcement will continue to change. Reference List Adams, T. (2001). Police Field Operations. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Ba yley, D.H. (1998). Ideas in American Policing. Web. Vollmer, A. Pioneer in police professionalism: Oral history transcript/ and related material, 1972-1983. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/augustvollmer02vollrichAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast the different levels of police operations and their unique operations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Contrast the different levels of police operations and their unique operations was written and submitted by user Aylin Hester to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Globalisation and the Contradiction of Peripheral Capitalism in Nigeria.

Globalisation and the Contradiction of Peripheral Capitalism in Nigeria. GLOBALISATION AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF PERIPHERAL CAPITALISM IN NIGERIAINTRODUCTIONGlobalization will benefit, globalization is good and it will bring even development to various economies. These are what is heard on the corridor of neo-liberalist, lauding and glorifying the concept as if it is a demi-god.But do not be deceived, for globalization is not what it sounds like. Looking back to the periods of 1979, it is recallable that the ideas of globalization could be attributed to the trade policies of the Thatcher administration in the United Kingdom; summed up as thus:Privatization of states assetsCuts in public spending, particularly through dismantling of welfare states"De-regulation" of labour marketLiberalization of trade, which is forcing countries to open up their markets for foreign competition.The basic focus of these policies was however, the increase or maintenance of capitalist profits through increased exploitation of workers and undeveloped countries (Said Adejumobi, 2001).Anti-globalization protesters in Edinburgh during ...In the academic world, globalization has become a phenomenal point of discussion. As Frederick Jameson describes it, the "untotalizable totality" weighs in deed, on contemporary scholarship like incubus (Jordi Martell, 2002) .As phenomenal as it is so has it generated much contention.Guillen (2001) argues that observers and theorists of globalization have variously argued that the rapid increase in cross-border ,economic, social and technological exchange is civilizing ,destructive or feeble. But then, whichever way, when it comes to peripheral capitalist states, there is much contradiction.However, those that argue in favour of globalization emphasize that globalization is bringing a new unprecedented opportunity to the world, an opportunity that would engender greater prospects of development and technological advancement .Thus, is globalization really happening? The question is so put in that, the concept per se seeks to promote global economy, integration, and trade liberalization .It tends to promote advancement in...

Cooperative Bank A Case of Corporate Restructuring Essay

Cooperative Bank A Case of Corporate Restructuring - Essay Example The paper tells that troubles that may threaten the very existence of an organization can affect all types of organizations, irrespective of size, brand name or type of industry. Some companies that experience extreme difficulties usually seek to apply for insolvency. A larger percentage of companies in the world at the moment are facing strategic issues, liquidity issues and outcome issues. Before an organization applies for insolvency, it usually passes through the three crisis stages. The first is the strategy crisis in which the company is unable to meet its strategic goals or attain long-term success potential. The second stage is the decline of the company’s market share in its respective index. Finally, if the company fails to implement the required corrective actions, its profitability goals will not be met and the company sinks into an earning crisis. In an impending disaster is identified in a timely manner, corrective actions can be undertaken to ensure the company stays afloat. Corporate restricting can also take place due to a change in the ownership structure, demerger or a reaction to company troubles or major business changes such as a buyout. The main purpose of restructuring management is to ensure that a given company under crisis survives in the short term and to reclaim the company’s competitiveness. Corporate restructuring, mainly relies on the zero-sum game. The process of restructuring decreases financial losses and in the process lowering tensions between debt and equity holders in order to jump start a fast resolution of a troubled situation.

New Testament Books summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New Testament Books summaries - Essay Example Events accentuated are the life Jesus Christ; humanity and perfection as a human, appointment of the disciples of Jesus, death, resurrection, ascension and continuation of the work of Jesus Christ. Personalities highlighted are Jesus, His disciples, John the Baptist, Teachers of the law, Pharisees, Sadducees, Levis, Levites and Jews. The genre of this book is historical. The book clearly defines Christ as the universal saviour. It presents Him preaching the ministry through the witnesses he had appointed and sent. The premises discussed in this book are the Holy Spirit’s descent, Evangelism, Apostolic authority, opposition to Christianity and defense of the Holy gospel. Events highlighted are, Jesus’ ascension into heaven, Paul’s conversion and escape from Damascus, Peter’s escape from prison, role of the Holy Spirit, the miracles disciples performed and the missionary journey of Paul. The apostles (Peter and Paul) and the Holy Spirit are the focal personalities portrayed in the book. It falls under the genre of Pauline epistles. The main themes are Christian living, doctrine of Mosaic laws, Faith in Jesus and leadership of the church. Events in the book major upon the advices that Apostle Paul gave to the church and society of the Corinthians on matters concerning promiscuity, hypocrisy and committing to God’s work. The Corinthians had divided themselves and engaged in immorality of indiscipline, sexual impurity and in personal disputes. Personalities in this genre comprise of Apostle Paul and the Corinthians. The state of marriage is also approved by Paul; it’s better for a Christian to remain unmarried. It is a pastoral epistle. Apostle Paul addresses the theme of exercising Christian faith to the Hebrews. Judaism and paganism are also themes discussed in this book. Events of God speaking to the Hebrews through the apostles by

Consulting Sanario Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consulting Sanario - Research Paper Example Being a person that pays attention to detail, I would see myself as a note taker and organizer. As others propose ideas, I can then assimilate tasks to individual team members based on their ascribed strengths and weaknesses (Miller, 2008, p. 19). Working with a timeline, I can then strive to propose set deadlines that each task should be completed under in order that we are successful. In addition, I will work to allow enough flexibility to account for any last minute emergencies that may arise. The key component in a consulting firm is to deliver a quality product to customers, on time, every time (Larbi and Springfield, 2004, p. 102). That should be our primary focus as a team moving forward. During this program of study, I have learned the importance of follow-through in the business world. As such, it would be my aim to be a part of a consulting firm who only accepts projects that they know fits into their area of expertise and they are confident they can perform an excellent an d effective job. If we do that, then we should be well on our way to

Impact of Wall Street Crash on Nazi Support

Impact of Wall Street Crash on Nazi Support How far did the Versailles Treaty and the Wall Street Crash help to bring Hitler to power? The year of 1939 undoubtedly marks the commencement of an era of bloodshed, devastation and the catastrophic war. Central to entire cause of the World War II is understanding the role of Adolf Hitler, and the process in which he obtained plenary powers over Germany. This essay seeks to examine the extent that the Versailles Treaty and Wall Street crash assisted Hitler’s rise to power until 1933, when the Enabling act was passed and Hitler effectively attained the powers to pass laws without the approval of the Reichstag. Despite many setbacks in his ascendency to chancellorship, Adolf Hitler was able to utilise the Nazi propaganda, detestation of the Weimar Government, and deficient psychological state of Germany due to the effects of the Versailles Treaty and Wall Street crash to aid his conquest for power. The essay will also highlight that although it can be argued that the vulnerability and desperation of the German population was susceptible to exploitation, the effective organisation, sheer persistence and impeccable character of Hitler served as the fundamental catalyst in his rise to power. A key aspect of Hitler’s rise to power lies in understanding the implications of the Versailles Treaty. The Versailles Treaty that was enacted after the Great War introduced a wide range of negative repercussions on the German population. The strong bitterness at the harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty left the German population in a vindictive state, and they sought a leader to end the humiliation, regardless even if he was dangerous or aggressive. It is believed that Germany surrendered under the hope and belief that the conditions of treaty would be formed in accordance to President Wilson’s fourteen points, which was rooted in ideas of diplomacy and multilateral cooperation, seeking not to place any blame on any country for the war. However, the treaty that was finally created not only removed Germany from the League of Nations, but in contrast was fundamentally a treaty placing the blame of the war on Germany. The Treaty enforced immense reparations liabilities, diminished Germany’s essential economic trades, seized territories, and imposed demilitarisation clauses. George Clemenceau, the French prime minister, demanded that Germany had to be responsible for the damages caused and repercussions of the war, and claimed the most in reparations. They also demanded for full disarmament of Germany, determined to exact revenge for both the Great War in 1939 and the 1870 Franco-Prussian War by extorting as much as possible in financial reparations, and to render Germany helpless and vulnerable in the future (Smith, 1965)[4 in dakin sloss]. The war guilt clause placed shame onto the Germans by forcing Germany to accept the responsibility for creating the suffering and destruction incurred by the Allied Nations. Furthermore, the exclusion of Germany from the League of Nations resulted in a feeling of seclusion, adding to the idea that Europe was exacting its vengeance on Germany for the war. The financial liability of Germany to the Allied N ations required the dedication of its entire economy to repay the debt, and slumped the nation into a state of massive inflation, widespread poverty and impoverishment. The financial burden placed on Germany was made neither in consideration to the fact that Germany was still recovering from the war, nor whether or not Germany had the ability and capability to compensate (Keynes, 1922)[15 in dakin sloss]. Degradation from a militaristic Prussian state to an army closer to the size of a police force increased German sentiments of hatred and anger for the Allied Nations. Extensive control of German territories were seized, including the Rhineland, the Polish Corridor, Alsace-Lorraine, and the Saar Valley. The German economy depended heavily on the iron and coal ore-fields in Alsace-Lorraine and this was seen as a confiscation of limited economic and human resources. However, it has been argued that there has been no strong evidence to prove that the Versailles Treaty was indeed the ca use of the poor economic and social state of Germany. A.J.Nicholls provides evidence to state that the German industry, was recovering its productive capacity despite the costs incurred from the treaty (Nicholls, 2000). Hitler capitalized on the situation, playing to popular sentiments to garner support for the Nazi party. His political agenda as written in the Nazi Party Program stated one of the aims as the abrogation of the Versailles Treaty (Shirer, 1990). The humiliation from the Versailles Treaty affected a huge majority of Germans, and the sentiments of oppression and the need for liberation from the treaty was successfully manipulated by Adolf Hitler in his rise to power. The Wall Street played a fundamental role in assisting Germany in its economic difficulty as a cause of the Versailles Treaty, and therefore, it is difficult to ignore the serious repercussions that Germany suffered as a result of the 1929 Wall Street Crash. Similarly, Hitler exploited the vulnerable state of Germany during the Great Depression, which was caused by the Wall Street Crash, just as he did with the Versailles Treaty. Germany was in a dire economic state after the massive financial output from Great War and perhaps due to the harsh conditions imposed by the Versailles Treaty. International Bankers, primarily from the capitalist United States, provided huge amounts of profitable loans for German industries and cartels, such as I.G. Farben and Vereinigte Stahlwerke. This provided a source of relief for Germany, and to a certain extent some stability and a vast improvement in its economic welfare. In 1924 and 1928, the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan were implemented, which co uld be argued as a means for the Wall Street investors to influence Germany with American Capitalism (Sutton, 1976). In essence, the burden of German reparations to the Allied Nations was remunerated mainly by global subscribers of German bonds issued by the Wall Street stockbrokers (Sutton, 1976). In 1929 the Wall Street crashed, and the significant influence that the American economy had on Germany caused immediate and devastating consequences. As a result, there was a steep increase in unemployment, destitution amongst the working class became widespread, and many industries were forced to declare bankrupt. The Wall Street crash eventually led to the Great Depression. The crucial point to note was that the psychological effects of the Wall Street crash was the main factor which Hitler abused to obtain support for his political agenda. The severe and dire situation that the German population was suffering from caused a psychological faà §ade that allowed the Nazi Party to prosper and succeed. ‘As Germany plunged deeper into the Depression, growing numbers of middle class citizens began to see in the youthful dynamism of the Nazi Party a possible way out of the situation’ (Evans, 2003). Hitler was adept and seized the opportunity to gather the support of the unemployed masses of working and middle class citizens, once again using popular sentiments to his advantage, and this largely accounted for the stark increase in Nazi support in the 1930 elections. ‘Like most great revolutionaries he could thrive only in evil times†¦ when the masses were unemployed, hungry and desperate†¦ (The people’s suffering he would) transform cold-bloodedly and immediately, into political support for his own ambitions (Shirer, 2009). Friedrich Meinecke, the eminent German historian, once referred to Hitler as one of the greatest examples of a singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life. It can arguably be stated that Hitler was the key cause of the rise of Nazism within Germany, and without his dictatorial rule, resilient persistence, and shrewd political ability, there would not have been a Nazi Germany. His ideals of an Aryan Germany ruled by the Fuehrer-prinzip (Leadership Principle) was essentially a dictatorship adopting the authoritarianism of the Prussian army. A political campaign that was presumed by many as a lunacy and impossible to succeed eventually thrived under the dire circumstances that Germany was in. An extremely eloquent speaker, Adolf Hitler had an aptitude in capturing the minds of the masses with his speeches. Shirer asserts that after the failure of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler or the Nazis were hardly heard of and was ‘the butt of jokes’. However, h e also adds that this was a significant event that contributed to the Nazi propaganda. Hitler used the publicity of the trial as a platform to announce the Nazi ideals on a nationwide scale. By the end of the trial, Hitler had transformed his defeat into a victory, and managed to impress the masses of the German population with his eloquence and strong desire for nationalism, and made himself well known around the entire nation. (Shirer, 1990) It is difficult to distinguish whether it was his oratory proficiency or his crafty leadership that contributed to a greater extent to the success of the Nazi party. Although he was incarcerated and barred from speaking in public by the Bavarian Government, Hitler continued to consolidate and influence the masses in the determined pursuit to rebuild the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. Whilst the Nazi party was an organisation comprising of murderers, alcoholics, homosexuals and pimps, Hitler was indifferent to this and solely used them to his benefit. Similarly, in the unstable period of 1930 to 1933, due to the death of Gustav Stresemann and the Wall Street crash, Hitler capitalized on the susceptibility of the masses to achieve political power. Hitler envisaged the catastrophe, and premeditated to use it to his advantage (Shirer, 1990). He appealed to a wide range of audiences, with rational anti-communist beliefs for the upper and middle classes, nationalistic attitudes for the working classes, to radical anti-Semitism opinions for the extremist. Hitler once told more than a million cheering Berliners in 1937, â€Å"I did not issue from some palace, I came from the worksite. Neither was I a general; I was a soldier like millions of others. It is a miraculous thing that an unknown man was able to step forth from the army of millions of German people, German workers and soldiers to stand at the fore of the Reich and the nation.† (Evans, 2005) Historians have long attested to Hitler’s rheto rical excellence. Klaus Fisher asserts, â€Å"Without his remarkable gift of persuasion Hitler would never have reached such heights of power.† It was added by historian Frederic Spotts that Hitler’s eloquence was his key to attaining political power. Hitler was able to communicate in a sympathetic way many of the uncertainties and prejudices already felt by the masses, and this was a key aspect that contributed to his success. The origins of Nazi propaganda can be traced to the Nazi Party’s 25 point program and Adolf Hitler’s autobiography titled Mein Kampf, in which he emphasises on the importance of propaganda and indoctrination of the German population. This was carried out through many avenues such as public marches, speeches, newspapers (Voelkischer Beobachter) and repression of all those who opposed. The common goal was to portray Hitler as the answer to Germany’s deplorable situation. Anti-Communist ideologies were promoted to gain support and funds from the middle and upper class voters, whereas the promotion of socialism was used to garner the votes of the working class. Hitler managed to arouse German sentiments of patriotism and nationalism, and promised to lead Germany away from communism, socialism, trade unionism and the futilities of democracy (Shirer, 1990). It must be noted that in order to appeal to all the social classes in Germany, Hitler kept his promises during hi s mass speeches vague, which was unsurprising as many were often contradictory. Events such as the Putsch in 1923 were used to make Hitler a national figure, a patriot and a hero. As one of Adolf Hitler’s closest associate, Paul Joseph Goebbels had a substantial influence on Nazi propaganda even before he was appointed as propaganda minister for the Nazi Party in 1933. He successfully promulgated Hitler’s image as a fanatical nationalist who promised to restore the German Army’s former glory. The Nazi propaganda created the cult of personality around Hitler, leading them to believe that he could re-establish the glory of Germany by uniting the social classes, restoring militarism, and to absolve the nation from the misery of the Versailles treaty. Therefore, although the Nazi propaganda sought to fulfil various goals such as the humiliation of Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, the weakness of the Weimar Republic and Anti-Semitism ideologies, the most dominant aspect was the deification of Adolf Hitler, as the Fuhrer of the Nazi Party. After the adjudication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, a new democratic republic was formed that lasted from 1919 to 1933. Many historians have argued that the Weimar republic was condemned to its defeat ever since the beginning due to the political, social and economic instability of Germany, which it assumed governance over. The Social Democratic Party, faced a number of objective obstacles in their term of parliamentary control. The odium for defeat of the Great War, the implications of the Versailles Treaty, the constant blame of the diktat and labelling of its leaders as ‘November Criminals, and the poor policies that caused an economic crisis due to the Wall Street crash’ (Hamburger and Pulzer, 1985). The defeat in Great War and the signing of the armistice came as a particular disbelief to most of the German population who were under the impression that Germany was close to achieving victory in 1918. Consequently, many of them turned to popular sentiments that the war was l ost from within, blaming treachery and the democratic government for the failure. Furthermore, the responsibility of the acceptance of the Versailles treaty was imposed wholly on the Weimar Government, causing further political demoralisation within the Parliament. During the period of the Great Depression, the German Chancellor, Heinrich Bruning, pursued an ineffective policy of rigid deflation, which increased unemployment and ultimately contributed to the loss of support for the Weimar Government. The acute economic issues that arose hastened the dissolution of traditional form of governance (Rosenhaft, 1983). A.J.Nicholls mentions that ‘perhaps the most consistent opponent of the Republic was Adolf Hitler. He argued that Germany could never be strong while the Weimar system was allowed to continue’ (Nicholls, 2000). In an unstable period plagued with revolutions, uncertainty and frustration, it was suitable conditions for radical left and right wing political partie s to thrive. The Weimar Republic was ruling at an inopportune time, and Adolf Hitler merely capitalised on these factors in the benefit for his conquest of power. The real damage the treaty did to Germany was to disillusion more moderate men who might otherwise have supported their new Republic. Hitler had the patience to wait and the shrewdness to realise that the climate of material prosperity and of a feeling of relaxation which settled over Germany in those years was not propitious for his purposes (Shirer, 1990) References Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power (New York: The Penguin Press, 2005), 498.

William Gibsons Johnny Mnemonic Essay -- William Gibson Johnny Mnemon

William Gibson's Johnny Mnemonic "Johnny Mnemonic," is a short story written by William Gibson. It appears in a book of short stories written by Gibson called Burning Chrome in 1986. Gibson is a writer of science fiction and one of the first to write in the new genre called cyberpunk. Cyberpunk is a type of fiction that examines a futuristic world dominated by computer technology, massive cartels, and cyberspace. In other words, its an artificial universe created through the linkup of tens of millions of machines (Gibson 904). This is the futuristic world of Johnny Mnemonic. Even though this story is very interesting in terms of science and technology, it is also interesting in the sense that this short story examines how technology and science can affect the worlds delicate cultures. In this examination of the short story "Johnny Mnemonic", I will define what is meant by culture and describe how technology and science has effected the unique subcultures of the Lo Teks and Yakuza. Two subcultures that are within the larger cyberpunk cultures described in "Johnny Mnemonic". As well, I will describe where the characters such as Johnny Mnemonic and Molly millions , fit in to these cultures, if they do at all. Also on this same theory, I will give examples of how our own cultures in today's world contrast with these fictional cultures in "Johnny Mnemonic", but I will also show how we are following in the same path in which those in "Johnny Mnemonic" have followed. What is meant by the word culture? Culture, according to Websters Dictionary, is the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. These patterns, traits, and products are considere... ...ons web page. List of quotes by Gibson and others. Internet. 28 April 1995. Available www:http://sfbox.vt.edu:10021/J/jfoley/gibson/gibson.html William Gibsons web page Gibson, William . "Johnny Mnemonic." Burning Chrome, . 1986 Johnny Mnemonic . Dir. Robert Longo. Pref. Keanu Reeves, Ice-T, Dolph Lungdren and Henry Rollins . Tri-stra pictures , 1995. Mohl, Lucy. "Why Johnny cant Blink." Review of Johnny Mnemonic. Internet. 28 April 1996. Available www: http://www.film.com/reviews/J/johnny.mnemonic.lucy. html"Why Johnny cant Blink." Reid, Bruce. "No Brainer." Review of Johnny Mnemonic . Internet. 28 April 1996 . Available www. http://www.film.com/reviews/J/johnny.mnemonic.stranger.html"No Brainer." "The ultimate Gibson Hot list", Links to Gibsons Books and Biography.http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~mdrapes/gibson/etc.htm "The ultimate Gibson Hot list"